Sura Al-Fatiha (Arabic: سورة الفاتحة), (Sūratul-Fātihah, "The Opening") is the first chapter of the Qur'an. Its seven verses are a prayer for Allah's guidance, and stress its lordship and mercy. This chapter has an essential role in salaatu allah (prayer of God); Muslims recite the Surah Al-Fatiha at least seventeen times a day, at the start of each unit of prayer.
InterpretationMuslims believe that the Qur'an is a revelation given in Arabic from God. Translations into other languages are considered to be merely superficial "interpretations" of the meanings and not authentic versions, the word of God, of the Qur'an. In addition the term bismillah herrahmanirahim is actually the first verse of Al-fatiha as often it would be a pre-saying to the surahs.
Arabic: 1.1 بِسْمِ اللّهِ الرَّحْمـَنِ الرَّحِيم
1:2 الْحَمْدُ للّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِين
1:3 الرَّحمـنِ الرَّحِيم
1:4 مَـالِكِ يَوْمِ الدِّين
1:5 إِيَّاك نَعْبُدُ وإِيَّاكَ نَسْتَعِين
1:6 اهدِنَــــا الصِّرَاطَ المُستَقِيمَ
1:7 صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنعَمتَ عَلَيهِمْ غَيرِ المَغضُوبِ عَلَيهِمْ وَلاَ الضَّالِّين
Transliteration:
Al-Fatiha | 7 verses | The Opening | سورة الفاتحة Sura #1 | Makkah
- Bismillāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm
- Al ḥamdu lillāhi rabbi l-'ālamīn
- Ar raḥmāni r-raḥīm
- Māliki yawmi d-dīn
- Iyyāka na'budu wa iyyāka nasta'īn
- Ihdinā ṣ-ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm
- Ṣirāṭ al-laḏīna an'amta 'alayhim ġayril maġḍūbi 'alayhim walāḍ ḍāllīn
Translation: [Qur'an 1:1].- In the name of god, the most beneficent, the most merciful
- All appreciation, gratefulness and thankfulness are to Allah alone, lord of the worlds
- The most beneficent, the most merciful
- The possessor of the day of recompense (i.e., on the last day of judgment)
- You we worship, and you we seek help
- Direct all of us to the straight path (i.e., to the way of Islam)
- The way of those on whom you have bestowed your grace, not the way of those who have earned your anger, nor of those who have lost their way and are astray
NotesBelow is the closest translation from Arabic to English: 1. In the Name of ALLAH 1, the Merciful 2, the Compassionate 3. 2. All praise be to ALLAH, the Lord 4 of the worlds 5, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate. 6 4. Master 7 of the day of justice. 8
5. You only do we serve 9 and You alone do we ask for help.
6. Guide us on the straight path. 10 7. The path of those whom You have blessed, 11 no wrath rests upon them and they do not go astray.12
Notes: The Absolute Divine Being (who exists necessarily by Himself) is called "ALLAH", expressing all attributes of perfection. This word is often translated as "God". But, "God" is a translation of the Latin "Deus" and the Greek "Theos". In the Torah however, the name of the Absolute Being is "YHVH ALHYM" (Jahweh Elohîm). The first word "YHVH" reflecting the ineffable transcendent essence of the Absolute Being and "ALHYM" the various Divine energies, manifestations or the Presences of the Divine (cf. the "shekinah" in the qabalah). In the Alexandrian Septuagint, the plural "Elohîm" was translated as the singular "Theos" (Deus, God). Because of this confusion, "ALLAH" is better not rendered as "God", for this diminshes the radical theological departure from the biblical tradition heralded by this all-comprehensive Divine Name. In this redaction, this supreme word is left untouched. A good approximation would have been the literal, i.e. "The God" (however, the "al" before "ilah" is inseparable from it). Before the Koran, the tribal Arabs adhered to a henotheism in which 360 deities (one for each day) were worshipped, headed by a supreme deity allowing the others next to it (cf. the Ancient Egyptian system). But, there was no idol with the name "ALLAH". The Koran showed that ALLAH can have no other next to Him and this declaration of unity ("shahadah") is the essence of the Islamic doctrine.
The phrase "in the Name of ALLAH" (the "bismillah") is placed before all sûras except one (sûra 9). Only in the Opening is it counted as a verse. It is used by Muslims before all important actions.
2 the Merciful :
Mercy (rahmân) is the Divine Name expressing the manifestation of everything. It is associated with the command : "Be !". The Name "Ar-Rahman" is also used as a proper name applicable only to the Absolute Divine Being, and used in the Koran as an alternative for ALLAH (cf. sûra 17). One should realize that the generative command encompasses every thing (good as well as evil).
3 the Compassionate :
Compassion (rahîm) is the Divine Name expressing the Mercy that comes after its manifestation in the creation of the world, i.e. in the consequences of the deeds of the human being. So, Mercy is manifested before the human being comes into existence, namely in the creation of things necessary for his life here and so they exist without any human being having deserved them. Compassion however, manifests when he has done something to deserve Divine favour. Divine generosity is witnessed in Mercy. His Compassion is evidenced as constant favour for the good done. Mercy is cosmological. Compassion is anthropological. The connection suggests that the human being is essential to make the cosmos aware of itself. Compassion is associated with the prescriptive command, i.e. the Divine Wish that humans should walk the straight path. This is not implied in the Divine Will, which engenders both the straight and the crooked. In Sufism, Mercy is the Divine Will engendering the cosmos, whereas Compassion is the response of the human being, i.e. the ability to "return" to the origin of all by doing good. Without the perfected human, the cosmos would come to an end, for only the human being can stop praising his Creator and defile himself. Indeed, the other creatures are always in the natural state of praise the Creator fashioned them in and hence can never deviate from the straight path.
4 Lord :
The Divine Name "Lord" (Rabb) conveys not only the idea of bringing-up or nourishment, but also that of regulating, completing and accomplishing. The evolution of the crudest to the highest perfection is implied. To make things go from one condition after another until completion is realized, is the work of the Lord. In Sufism, the Lord is said to be interdependent with His servant (for a "Lord" without a "servant" is pointless). Each servant has his/her "Lord", i.e. the power of Divine bringing-up limitated by the capacities of the servant to receive (cf. the water of life taking the color of the glass in which it is poured). This Name conveys a Divine activity which allows every creature, but in particular the human, to evolve according to the Divine Wish. So we are not only called to the straight path, but will also be fostered, regulated & completed if our Compassion is at work (i.e. if we return the call of Mercy present in all of creation). Not without surprise, "Rabb" has also been translated as "father", but its connotations are too limited. The "Lord" is far grander and nobler, and also always keeps the distance with His servant. In Sufism, the perfected servant annihilates himself in his Lord who then replaces the servant (or, in other words, the servant is nothing more than what is remembered of him by ALLAH). Without this annihilation, the Lord towers above His servant.
5 Worlds :
The Arab word "âlamin" (root = 'ilm, meaning to know), indicates literally that by means of which one knows a thing. It thus signifies "world" or "creation". Broadly speaking, the plural indicates that the Lordship of ALLAH extends over all possible creations and worlds. In a more restricted use, it refers to any class or division of created beings or of humanity. In this last meaning, it is suggestive of the fact that ALLAH is the Lord of all the prophets of all nations, subverting all narrow (geosentimental) views of the Divine.
6 the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate :
The process of creation (Mercy) and return (Compassion) is at work in each of these worlds. There is no place were this is absent. Hence, to consider a person, place or situation as "outside" the reach of the Divine Names of Mercy and Compassion is illusionary.
7 Master :
Master (Mâlik) has been translated as "King". However, ALLAH is more than that. He is able to forgive His servants and is not guilty of any injustice when He does that. Furthermore, a king is dependent of his kingdom (a "king" without a "kingdom" is pointless). Hence, "mâlik" will be rendered as "Master", for a master has no need to exert his mastership and can never loose it (a king may loose his kingdom).
8 day of justice :
The word "day" (yaum) may imply a small or a large period of time. The law of requital referred to in this verse is constantly at work and nothing suggests that it will not come into force before a particular day. So the idea that the "day of justice" is far away is illusionary. Of course, on the last day, the final count is made, but this does not abrogate the fact that ALLAH is the Master of justice every day.
9 to serve :
To serve ALLAH is the only spiritual goal to be realized. Various form of service exist, as well as many types of servants. To serve and to worship have to be distinguished. Deities next to ALLAH are worshipped and these are non-entities for there are no deities next to the Merciful. To praise ALLAH and ALLAH alone is the most important act of service. The servant is able to ask for help and does so, but only to the Lord. No creature is able to help the human being. No deities are able to help, for ALLAH alone is Divine.
10 the straight path :
Each human being has the ability to turn away from the straight path, the right way, the Wish of ALLAH for each of His servants. If a crooked path is followed and one repents and returns to ALLAH, the believer will find His Lord forgiving. To follow the straight path is not a horizontal phenomenon (on the plane of the outer, social life) but belongs to the vertical, inner plane of spiritual life reflecting in a life well lived on Earth. Those who seek the straight path outside, conform to the regulations of society. In Sufism, the straight path is visualized above one's head. This implies an erect posture, aware that one's Lord is the true regulator, not words on paper or the changing rules of society.
11 the blessed
The regulations of the Lord are direct. The good are blessed, the wicked punished. The honesty of ALLAH is without equal. He knows what is in the hearts of men and so judges accordingly. Intent and result are taken into consideration. The blessed receive His Divine protection, whereas the damned go astray and wander around with their incomplete and unfostered spiritual evolution.
12 the damned :
This verse has always been interpreted as referring to Jews and Christians.
The first verse, transliterated as "bismillāhir rahmānir rahīm", may be familiar to non-Arabic speakers and non-Muslims because of its ubiquity in Arabic and Muslim societies. This verse appears at the start of every chapter in the Qur'an with the exception of the ninth chapter. The verse is normally said before reciting a chapter or part of a chapter during daily prayer, and also before public proclamations and indeed before many personal and everyday activities in many Arabic and Muslim societies as a way to invoke God's blessing and proclaim one's motives before an undertaking.
The two words "ar rahmān" and "ar rahīm" are often translated in English as "the beneficent" and "the merciful" or "the generous." They are often also translated as superlatives, for example, "the most generous" and "the most merciful". Grammatically the two words "rahmaan" and "raheem" are different linguistic forms of the triconsonantal root R-H-M, connoting "mercy". (For more information, see the section on root forms in Semitic languages). The form "rahmaan" denotes degree or extent, i.e., "most merciful," while "raheem" denotes time permanence, i.e., "ever merciful".
The second verse's "الحمد الله" ranks as one of the most popular phrases in all of Arabic, being used to express one's well-being, general happiness, or even consolation in a disaster (see Alhamdulillah). The verse is also significant in that it includes a relationship between the two most common names for God in Arabic "الله" and "رب". The first word is a ubiquitous name for God, and the second roughly translates to "Lord." It shares the same root with the Hebrew "rabbi". In some printings of the Qur'an, both words appear in red everywhere in the Qur'an.
The first word of the fourth verse varies as between variant recitation versions of the Qur'an. The most widely preferred of those differ on whether it is "maliki" with a short "a," which means "king" (Warsh, from Nafi'; Ibn Kathir; Ibn Amir; Abu 'Amr; Hamza), or rather "māliki" with a long "a," meaning "master" or "owner" (Hafs, from Asim, and al-Kisa'i). "Maliki" and "māliki" are distinct words of inconsistent precise meaning deriving from the same triconsonantal root in Arabic, M-L-K.
In the seventh verse, the words "those who have earned your Anger/Wrath" refer to the Jews (also translated as "those who have incurred your wrath," Dawood, 1955.) and the words "those who have lost their way" refer to Christians (also translated as "those who have gone astray," N. J. Dawood, 1955.) |
